Mathematical modeling can show how to safely blend H₂ with natural gas for transport in existing pipeline systems. A secure and reliable transition to H₂ is one of the proposed solutions for the shift to a net-zero-carbon economy.

“Mixing H₂ into a natural gas pipeline changes how the gases flow, which will create new conditions for operators,” said Anatoly Zlotnik, a co-author of a new paper on the modeling in the journal PRX Energy. Zlotnik, a mathematician at Los Alamos National Laboratory, has expertise in modeling, designing and controlling energy-transmission systems. “Our modeling shows that injecting H₂ gradually into a natural gas pipeline network allows safe, predictable operations.”

Using nonlinear partial differential equations, Zlotnik and his Los Alamos colleagues developed the model for transporting heterogeneous mixtures of natural gas and H₂ through pipeline systems. The infrastructure modeling includes compressor and regulator units, supply stations that inject gas into the network at defined pressure and H₂ blends, and flow stations that withdraw the mixture from the network, according to the paper.

Transporting H₂ in existing natural gas pipeline networks enables operators to maximize the utility of these extensive and expensive facilities as part of a strategy to reduce carbon-emitting fossil fuels. H₂ is much lighter than natural gas, which is mostly methane, so blending them challenges pipeline operation in new ways.

The Los Alamos team’s mathematical modeling determined that limiting the rate of change of H₂ injection into a natural gas pipeline will prevent large, rapid changes in pressures. The team’s methods for simulating a pipeline network could allow operators to develop standards on injection rates.

H₂ offers several advantages as a clean fuel that doesn’t emit CO₂. In a fuel cell, H₂ plus oxygen create electricity to power cars, trucks and facilities. H₂ can also be blended with natural gas for use in appliances such as household furnaces and dryers, or it can be burned to power manufacturing facilities or generate electricity.